leadership, much larger <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/category/batch-stats//">batch sizes</a>, we invest more <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.ycombinator.com/deal//">money, we have a <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.ycombinator.com/continuity//">growth fund</a>, a <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/introducing-yc-series-a-batches//">series A program</a>, a massive <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.startupschool.org/">MOOC, and an internal social network for YC founders named <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://twitter.com/sama/status/631874706543480832/">Bookface.

/n

I suspect people think YC was better in the early days because some companies from that era are now household names like: <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.airbnb.com//">Airbnb (w2009) and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.dropbox.com/">Dropbox (s2007). However, in reality it often takes 10 years or more for startups to achieve that sort of impact. Even so, in the past 5 years we have funded a number of startups worth noting, including: <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.coinbase.com//">Coinbase (s2012), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://getcruise.com//">Cruise (w2014), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.doordash.com//">DoorDash (w2013), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.flexport.com//">Flexport (w2014), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ginkgobioworks.com//">Ginkgo Bioworks</a> (s2014), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://about.gitlab.com//">Gitlab (w2015), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://gusto.com//">Gusto (w2012), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.instacart.com//">Instacart (w2012), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.podium.com//">Podium (w2016), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.rappi.com//">Rappi (s2016), <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.rigetti.com//">Rigetti Computing</a> (s2014), and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.zenefits.com//">Zenefits (w2013).</p>\n<p>Having done YC in 2007 with Justin.tv/Twitch, in 2012 with Socialcam, and joining as a partner in 2014, I thought it would be helpful to describe how YC has changed since I first took part in the program.</p>\n<p>In 2007, if you wanted advice, you sent an email to PG and waited for a reply. Now we have software for booking office hours with partners. And it’s also likely that you’re in a chat group with your YC partners so you can message them in real time.</p>\n<p>In 2007, if you needed advice or intros from YC alumni or batchmates, you sent out an email to the entire alumni list. Now you post to Bookface and get replies within a day.</p>\n<p>In 2007, if you had a B2B startup, you had to reach out cold to potential customers. Now there are over 1000 YC companies you can sell your service to and all of their contact information is in Bookface. As a result, YC alumni companies are often over 50% of your new sales during YC.</p>\n<p>In 2007, there were 50 investors in the room for our Demo Day. My company, Justin.tv/Twitch landed a grand total of three angel meetings and was able to raise $150K at a $3.5M valuation. Today, 600-800 investors attend demo day<sup id=\"footnoteid1\"><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnote1\">1</a></sup> and a thousand more watch online. A typical company in the batch raises $500K-3M at a $6M-15M valuation.<sup id=\"footnoteid2\"><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnote2\">2</a></sup></p>\n<p>In 2007, if you wanted to raise a Series A, your batchmates/friends/PG would provide intros. Now we have the Series A program that helps evaluate if you are ready to raise, helps you craft your story, allows you to meet and learn from other companies also raising their Series A, and helps you understand and negotiate your term sheets.</p>\n<p>In 2007, if you wanted to hire employees, YC couldn’t offer much assistance. Now we have <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.workatastartup.com//">Work at a Startup</a> and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://news.ycombinator.com/jobs/">Hacker News jobs postings</a> which help many of our startups hire their first 10 engineers.</p>\n<p>In 2007, if you needed help scaling your organization, you could reach out to a batchmate or alumni friend who was slightly further along than you. Now there’s a YC Growth Program where you’re batched with companies at your stage and aided by much more experienced YC founders and advisors.</p>\n<p>In 2007, the YC Standard deal was about $20,000 for 7% of your company. Now it’s $150,000 for 7%.</p>\n<p>For me, there were two amazing things in the early days of YC that are different today. First, in 2007, batches were much smaller so it was easier to meet all of your batchmates. Today, you have to work harder to meet and become friends with all the talented people in your batch. We put companies into groups of about 30-40 in order to replicate the feeling of the past. Second, getting to work directly with PG was special.</p>\n<p>So when thinking about whether to apply to YC and talking to alumni who have attended in years past, keep the above changes in mind. Having been a multiple time user of YC myself (and I know I am biased), I can honestly say without a doubt that I would prefer participating in today’s program because of all the additional value that has been built over the past 13 years.</p>\n<p>Counterintuitively, the 7% you give to YC today becomes a better and better deal every year of your company’s life because every year we add hundreds of incredibly talented motivated founders from all over the world, new software, new programming, and new changes based on the feedback of our 4000+ alumni. I think of YC as an amazing piece of software that gets better every year and remains the same price.</p>\n<hr />\n<p><strong>Notes</strong><br />\n<b id=\"footnote1\">1.</b> Demo day is now 4 days long. Day 1 is YC alumni demo day and YC alumni invest about 20% of the dollars that YC companies raise. Day 2 &amp; 3 are investor demo days and Day 4 is investor day where we arrange over 1000 meetings between investors and YC companies.<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnoteid1\">↩</a></p>\n<p><b id=\"footnote2\">2.</b> Starting in the w2019 batch, we are moving to a post money SAFE standard. Stating the typical valuations in post money terms, YC companies are now raising at $6.5m-$18m valuations.<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnoteid2\">↩</a></p>\n<p><em>Thanks to Craig Cannon, Geoff Ralston, Jon Levy, and Kat Manalac for reading drafts of this post.</em></p>\n<!--kg-card-end: html-->","comment_id":"1102913","feature_image":null,"featured":false,"visibility":"public","email_recipient_filter":"none","created_at":"2018-09-28T03:05:09.000-07:00","updated_at":"2021-10-20T12:03:08.000-07:00","published_at":"2018-09-28T03:05:09.000-07:00","custom_excerpt":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"custom_template":null,"canonical_url":null,"tags":[{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7116d","name":"Essay","slug":"essay","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/essay/"}],"authors":[{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a710af","name":"Michael Seibel","slug":"michael-seibel-2","profile_image":"/blog/content/images/2022/02/Michael-1.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Michael Seibel is a Group Partner and Managing Director, Early Stage at YC. He was the cofounder and CEO Justin.tv and Socialcam. Socialcam sold to Autodesk in 2012 and Justin.tv became Twitch.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/michael-seibel-2/"}],"primary_author":{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a710af","name":"Michael Seibel","slug":"michael-seibel-2","profile_image":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/content/images/2022/02/Michael-1.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Michael Seibel is a Group Partner and Managing Director, Early Stage at YC. He was the cofounder and CEO Justin.tv and Socialcam. Socialcam sold to Autodesk in 2012 and Justin.tv became Twitch.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/michael-seibel-2/"},"primary_tag":{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7116d","name":"Essay","slug":"essay","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/essay/"},"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/yc-has-changed/","excerpt":"As YC grows, founders are wondering how it’s improved over time. This is a valid\nline of questioning – clearly much has changed about YC over 13 years. We have\nnew leadership [http://www.ycombinator.com/people/], much larger batch sizes\n[https://blog.ycombinator.com/category/batch-stats/], we invest more money\n[http://www.ycombinator.com/deal/], we have a growth fund\n[http://www.ycombinator.com/continuity/], a series A program\n[https://blog.ycombinator.com/introducing-yc-series-a-batches/], a ma","reading_time":3,"access":true,"og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"email_subject":null,"frontmatter":null,"feature_image_alt":null,"feature_image_caption":null},"mentions":[],"related_posts":[{"id":"61fe29f1c7139e0001a71c0a","uuid":"1de61bb8-4ca3-433a-bdd0-27aa55f4786b","title":"2021 — YC Year in Review","slug":"2021-yc-year-in-review","html":"<p>In June, I wrote a <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/yc-is-crispr-for-startups//">blog post</a> comparing YC to CRISPR. When a founder is accepted into YC, we modify the startup’s DNA, edit it, to include key <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele/">alleles that make success more likely. In the end, however, the secret to success of any startup lies squarely with the founders — their vision and their execution. We simply help those founders discover the very best versions of themselves.</p><p>In 2021, many YC founders led their companies to achieve outstanding results, and we are honored to be part of these companies’ history. This year presented an exceptional challenge to startups and established companies alike as the world struggled through a full year in the grip of the COVID-19 pandemic. As we all stayed remote and worked to operate effectively without offices, the startup environment thrived. Seed funding grew 56 percent year over year and totaled $29.4 billion in 2021, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://news.crunchbase.com/news/global-vc-funding-unicorns-2021-monthly-recap//">per Crunchbase data</a>, with more than 17,000 startups around the world raising funding at seed.</p><p>Of course, YC itself remained remote during 2021, as did all of our programs. Like most of the world, there were ups and downs. Some of us fell ill, but thankfully none seriously. We believed towards the end of 2021 that the pandemic was entering an easier phase, only to be confronted, like everyone else, with Omicron. Despite this unique macro environment, there were many notable liquidity events for YC companies.</p><p>Prior to 2021 a total of four companies we funded had entered the public markets. In 2021 an extraordinary ten YC companies went public.</p><ul><li>In February, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/lucira-health/">Lucira Health</a> (W15), a company focused on the development and commercialization of infectious disease test kits, went public. Their COVID-19 test kit has received OTC authorization in the U.S. and Canada and has started aiding in testing programs that enable safe reopening.</li><li>In April, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/coinbase/">Coinbase (S12) went public. We <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/coinbase-from-yc-to-ipo//">reminisced about our early impression of co-founder and CEO Brian Armstrong, and reflected on the company’s excellent execution.</li><li>In July, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/matterport/">Matterport (W12), the spatial data company, went public. In one year, they more than doubled their subscriber count to 439,000 subscribers and have brought 6.2 million buildings and spaces online.</li><li>In August, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/momentus/">Momentus (S18), a space company that plans to offer transportation and other in-space infrastructure services, went public. Since then, they have completed the initial assembly and initial system-level functional testing of their Vigoride 3, which is designed to be capable of launching on most large, mid-sized, and small rockets.</li><li>In September, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/amplitude/">Amplitude (W12) went public. We <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/amplitude-w12-is-going-public//">reflected on the founders’ going through multiple pivots before landing on the perfect idea for them: mobile analytics.</li><li>In September, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/ginkgo-bioworks/">Ginkgo Bioworks</a> (S14), the first biotech company YC funded, went public. We <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/ginkgo-bioworks-s14-is-going-public-today//">told the story</a> of how Ginkgo Bioworks ended up in YC, and their journey as YC’s first biotech startup.</li><li>In October, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/gitlab/">GitLab (W15) was our first open-source company to IPO, as well as the first alum of the <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/growth-program/">Growth Program</a> to start trading publicly. We <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/gitlab-from-yc-to-ipo//">shared details that show the team at GitLab embodies the open-source mindset, not just in technology, but in culture and spirit.</li><li>In November, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/weave/">Weave (W14) went public. We <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/weave-w14-is-going-public//">spoke to the epic ups and downs that the founders pushed through — and ultimately, Weave became fundamental to how offices run.</li><li>In November, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/embark-trucks/">Embark Trucks</a> (W16) went public. We <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/embark-trucks/">reflected on the young team's passion, energy, and commitment, and how the initial idea shifted to focus on a different market.</li><li>In December, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/pardes-bio/">Pardes Biosciences</a> (S20), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing PBI-0451 as a novel direct-acting, oral antiviral drug candidate designed to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections, went public. PBI-0451 is currently in Phase I clinical study with early results showing potential for an unboosted oral regimen against COVID-19.</li></ul><p>Also, in 2021 there were a number of companies that had significant exits via an acquisition. Here are highlights:</p><ul><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/sendwave/">Sendwave (W12) was acquired by WorldRemit.<br></li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/clever/">Clever (S12) was acquired by Kahoot!.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/caper/">Caper (W16) was acquired by <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/instacart/">Instacart (S12).</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/sqreen/">Sqreen (W18) was acquired by Datadog.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/bear-flag-robotics/">Bear Flag Robotics</a> (W18) was acquired by John Deere.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/openinvest/">OpenInvest (S15) was acquired by JPMorgan Chase.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/modern-fertility/">Modern Fertility</a> (S17) was acquired by Roman Health Ventures.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/paystack/">Paystack (W16) was acquired by <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/stripe/">Stripe (S09).</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/drchrono/">DrChrono (W11) was acquired by EverCommerce.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/chargehound/">Chargehound (W14) was acquired by PayPal.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/truebill/">Truebill (W16) was acquired by Rocket Companies.</li></ul><p>Our batch program funded 750 companies in 2021 — the most ever in a year. The YC admissions team sifted through tens of thousands of applications and the selection team, including all of our Group Partners, reviewed thousands of apps until our eyes blurred. And then we sat for thousands of virtual interviews for each batch. In the end, we funded 350 companies in the <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/w21-batch-stats//">Winter 2021 batch</a> and 402 companies in the <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/yc-summer-2021-batch-stats//">Summer 2021 batch</a>. Demo Day for both batches remained completely virtual of course, but it was remarkably successful as more than 3,000 investors attended and YC companies raised record amounts of seed funding.</p><p><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/continuity//">YC’s Continuity</a> funds are now maturing. We launched the first YCC fund over six years ago and in 2021, YC participated in the funding of several of our most successful companies.</p><ul><li>Coinbase and Gitlab, key investments in YCC’s portfolio, went public in 2021.</li><li>11 YC companies were added to the YCC portfolio, including <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/deel/">Deel, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/fivetran/">Fivetran, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/opensea/">OpenSea, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/pave-2/">Pave, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/posthog/">Posthog, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/razorpay/">Razorpay, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/revenuecat/">RevenueCat, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/vanta/">Vanta, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/whatnot/">Whatnot, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/kiranakart/">Zepto, and one not yet announced.</li><li>We increased our investments in top companies like <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/brex/">Brex, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/faire/">Faire, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/groww/">Groww, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/lob/">Lob, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/companies/podium/">Podium, and others.</li></ul><p>Valuations of YC companies have <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/topcompanies//">continued to soar</a> and today 150 companies are valued at $150 million or more and 60 companies are valued at $1 billion or more.</p><p>I would be remiss not to mention that YC wouldn’t function without the people that make up this organization. At YC, we are founders, operators, and experts; we’re building the programs that we wished we had as founders and working as experts and operators alongside our companies. We are growing our team to support these programs, and in 2021, we welcomed 30 people to YC. Key additions in our software, legal, and finance teams helped those teams scale to meet the needs of an ever expanding number of founders, companies, and deals to manage. And in 2021 our Outreach team helped launch hundreds of companies and organized dozens of YC events at schools around the world.</p><p>A few program highlights:</p><ul><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.startupschool.org//">Startup School</a>, our free online program and community to help aspiring founders learn about startups, build a product, and track growth, signed up over 100,000 founders and aspiring founders and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/co-founder-matching//">launched co-founder matching</a>, which led to <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.ycombinator.com/does-co-founder-matching-work//">new YC companies</a>.</li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.workatastartup.com//">Work at a Startup</a>, our platform for candidates to apply to top YC startups with a single profile, helped 600 people find jobs and ran six hiring events, including our first <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.workatastartup.com/events/2021-office-hours-women-founders/">Women in Engineering</a> series and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.workatastartup.com/events/crypto-tech-talks-2021/">Crypto Tech Talks</a>.</li><li>The Series A Program, our program that prepares YC founders for raising their Series A, helped nearly 200 YC companies raise $3.5B+ from more than 150 investors, like Accel, A16Z, Benchmark, Coatue, Founders Fund, General Catalyst, Khosla Ventures, Ribbit, Sequoia, Tiger Global, and more.</li><li>The Post-A Program, our program that teaches best practices for managing this stage company, and the <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/growth-program/">Growth Program</a>, our program and community for CEOs of YC’s fastest-growing companies, nearly doubled the number of companies served compared to 2020.</li></ul><p>If you made it this far, well I am impressed. Thank you! I’ll just end here by pointing out that, like our companies, Y Combinator is always evolving and never stagnant. We have big plans for 2022 and will continue to iterate to provide the best founders in the world with the best programs and tools to improve their chances of outsize success.</p>","comment_id":"61f5fb42eb74f90001a957a4","feature_image":"/blog/content/images/2022/01/BlogTwitter-Image-Template-17.png","featured":false,"visibility":"public","email_recipient_filter":"none","created_at":"2022-01-29T18:43:14.000-08:00","updated_at":"2022-03-01T10:11:49.000-08:00","published_at":"2022-01-19T09:00:00.000-08:00","custom_excerpt":"In 2021, many YC founders led their companies to achieve outstanding results, and we are honored to be part of these companies’ history.","codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"custom_template":null,"canonical_url":null,"authors":[{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a71092","name":"Geoff Ralston","slug":"geoff-ralston","profile_image":"/blog/content/images/2022/02/geoff.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Geoff Ralston is the former President of Y Combinator and has been with YC since 2011. Prior to YC, he built one of the first web mail services, RocketMail which became Yahoo Mail in 1997.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/geoff-ralston/"}],"tags":[{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71173","name":"YC News","slug":"yc-news","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/yc-news/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71170","name":"Startups","slug":"startups","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/startups/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7116d","name":"Essay","slug":"essay","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/essay/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7117a","name":"Batch Stats","slug":"batch-stats","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/batch-stats/"}],"primary_author":{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a71092","name":"Geoff Ralston","slug":"geoff-ralston","profile_image":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/content/images/2022/02/geoff.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Geoff Ralston is the former President of Y Combinator and has been with YC since 2011. Prior to YC, he built one of the first web mail services, RocketMail which became Yahoo Mail in 1997.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/geoff-ralston/"},"primary_tag":{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71173","name":"YC News","slug":"yc-news","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/yc-news/"},"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/2021-yc-year-in-review/","excerpt":"In June, I wrote a blog post comparing YC to CRISPR. When a founder is accepted into YC, we modify the startup’s DNA, edit it, to include key alleles that make success more likely. In the end, however, the secret to success of any startup lies squarely with the founders — their vision and their execution. We simply help those founders discover the very best versions of themselves.","reading_time":5,"access":true,"og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/content/images/2022/01/BlogTwitter-Image-Template-17-1.png","twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"email_subject":null,"frontmatter":null,"feature_image_alt":null,"feature_image_caption":null},{"id":"6357f9044557ad0001018040","uuid":"b73507ea-8de6-4799-8305-1554bd33437c","title":"How to maintain engineering velocity as you scale","slug":"how-to-maintain-engineering-velocity-as-you-scale","html":"<p>Engineering is typically the function that grows fastest at a scaling startup. It requires a lot of attention to make sure the pace of execution does not slow and cultural issues do not emerge as you scale.</p><p>We’ve learned a lot about pace of execution in the past five years at Faire. When we launched in 2017, we were a team of five engineers. From the beginning, we built a simple but solid foundation that allowed us to maintain both velocity and quality. When we found product-market fit later that year and started bringing on lots of new customers, instead of spending engineering resources on re-architecturing our platform to scale, we were able to double down on product engineering to accelerate the growth. In this post, we discuss the guiding principles that allowed us to maintain our engineering velocity as we scaled.</p><h2 id=\"four-guiding-principles-to-maintaining-velocity\">Four guiding principles to maintaining velocity</h2><p>Faire’s engineering team grew from five to over 100 engineers in three years. Throughout this growth, we were able to sustain our pace of engineering execution by adhering to four important elements:</p><ol><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/how-to-maintain-engineering-velocity-as-you-scale/#1-hire-the-best-engineers\">Hiring the best engineers</a></li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/how-to-maintain-engineering-velocity-as-you-scale/#2-build-a-solid-long-term-foundation-from-day-one\">Building solid long-term foundations from day one</a></li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/how-to-maintain-engineering-velocity-as-you-scale/#3-track-engineering-metrics-to-drive-decision-making\">Tracking metrics to guide decision-making</a></li><li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/how-to-maintain-engineering-velocity-as-you-scale/#4-keep-teams-small-and-independent\">Keeping teams small and independent</a></li></ol><h2 id=\"1-hire-the-best-engineers\">1. Hire the best engineers</h2><p>You want to hire the best early team that you can, as they’re going to be the people helping you scale and maintain velocity. And good people follow good people, helping you grow your team down the road.</p><p>This sounds obvious, but it’s tempting to get people in seats fast because you have a truckload of priorities and you’re often the only one doing engineering recruiting in those early years. What makes this even harder is you often have to play the long game to get the best engineers signed on. Your job is to build a case for why your company is <em>the</em> opportunity for them. </p><p>We had a few amazing engineers in mind we wanted to hire early on. I spent over a year doing coffee meetings with some of them. I used these meetings to get advice, but more importantly I was always giving them updates on our progress, vision, fundraising, and product releases. That created FOMO which eventually got them so excited about what was happening at Faire that they signed up for the ride.</p><p>While recruiting, I looked for key competencies that I thought were vital for our engineering team to be successful as we scaled. These were:</p><h3 id=\"a-experts-at-our-core-technology\">a. Experts at our core technology</h3><p>In early stages, you need to move extremely fast and you cannot afford to make mistakes. We wanted the best engineers who had previously built the components we needed so they knew where mistakes could happen, what to avoid, what to focus on, and more. For example, we built a complex payments infrastructure in a couple of weeks. That included integrating with multiple payment processors in order to charge debit/credit cards, process partial refunds, async retries, voiding canceled transactions, and linking bank accounts for ACH payouts. We had built similar infrastructure for the Cash App at Square and that experience allowed us to move extremely quickly while avoiding pitfalls.</p><h3 id=\"b-focused-on-delivering-value-to-customers\">b. Focused on delivering value to customers</h3><p>Faire’s mission is to empower entrepreneurs to chase their dreams. When hiring engineers, we looked for people who were amazing technically but also understood our business, were customer focused, were passionate about entrepreneurship—and understood how they needed to work. That is, they understood how to use technology to add value to customers and product, quickly and with quality. To test for this, I would ask questions like: “Give me examples of how you or your team impacted the<em> </em>business.” Their answers would show how well they understood their current company’s business and how engineering can impact customers and change a company’s top-line numbers.</p><p>I also learned a lot when I let them ask questions about Faire. I love when engineering candidates ask questions about how our business works, how we make money, what our market size is, etc. If they don't ask these kinds of questions, I ask them things like: “Do you understand how Faire works?” “Why is Faire good for retailers?” “How would you sell Faire to a brand?” After asking questions like these a few times, you’ll see patterns and be able to quickly identify engineers who are business-minded and customer-focused.</p><p>Another benefit of hiring customer-focused engineers is that it’s much easier to shut down projects, start new ones, and move people around, because everyone is focused on delivering value for the customer and not wedded to the products they helped build. During COVID, our customers saw enormous change, with in-person trade shows getting canceled and lockdowns impacting in-person foot traffic. We had to adapt quickly, which required us to stop certain initiatives and move our product and engineering teams to launch new ones, such as our own version of <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.faire.com/thestorefront/introducing-faire-summer-market-our-first-online-trade-show-event//">online trade shows</a>.</p><h3 id=\"c-grit\">c. Grit</h3><p>When we first started, we couldn’t afford to build the most beautiful piece of engineering work. We had to be fast and agile. This is critical when you are pre-product-market fit. Our CEO Max and a few early employees would go to trade shows to present our product to customers, understand their needs, and learn what resonated with them. Max would call us with new ideas several times a day. It was paramount that our engineers were <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://angeladuckworth.com/grit-book//">gritty and able to quickly make changes to the product. Over the three or four days of a trade show, our team deployed changes nonstop to the platform. We experimented with offerings like:</p><ul><li>Free shipping on first orders</li><li>Buy now, pay later</li><li>Buy from a brand and get $100 off when you re-order from the same brand</li><li>Free returns</li></ul><p>By trying different value propositions in a short time, our engineering team helped us figure out what was most valuable to our customers. That was how we found strong product-market fit within six months of starting the company.</p><figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img src=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/CrRDf25EV8if-oP6rfEnSYeA_ttfKsayeQoM61gMOYFODZvpYsId0z2Y5RQ8z5xH4zt8UQaPBOwe1xus8oaqKQW1zxqNxz_ss9LHTpWyCc6tWsyJUm6_g6lVUtb6PkHluwNcqIU9MN3silgCLqtNHO2S8RkPcQCHBYiVPhK9Fteoiq_w9dZJqaxTqA/" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\"></figure><p><em>Our trade show storefront back when we were called Indigo Fair.</em></p><h2 id=\"2-build-a-solid-long-term-foundation-from-day-one\">2. Build a solid long-term foundation from day one</h2><p>The number one impediment to engineering velocity at scale is a lack of solid, consistent foundation. A simple but solid foundation will allow your team to keep building on top of it instead of having to throw away or re-architecture your base when hypergrowth starts.</p><p>To create a solid long-term foundation, you first need to get clear on what practices you believe are important for your engineering team to scale. For example, I remember speaking with senior engineers at other startups who were surprised we were writing tests and doing code reviews and that we had a code style guide from the very early days. But we couldn’t have operated well without these processes. When we started to grow fast and add lots of engineers, we were able to keep over 95% of the team focused on building features and adding value to our customers, increasing our growth. </p><p>Once you know what long-term foundations you want to build, you need to write it down. We were intentional about this from day one and documented it in our <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://craft.faire.com/handbook-89f166841ec9/">engineering handbook</a>. Today, every engineer is onboarded using this handbook.</p><p>The four foundational elements we decided on were:</p><h3 id=\"a-being-data-driven\">a. Being data-driven</h3><p>The most important thing is to build your data muscle early. We started doing this at 10 customers. At the time, the data wasn’t particularly useful; the more important thing was to start to collect it. At some point, you’ll need data to drive product decision-making. The longer you wait, the harder it is to embed into your team.</p><p>Here’s what I recommend you start doing as early as possible:</p><ul><li>Set up data pipelines that feed into a data warehouse.</li><li>Start collecting data on how people are using your product. As you add features and iterate, record how those changes are impacting user interactions. All of this should go into a data warehouse that is updated within minutes and made available to your team. As your product gets increasingly complex, it will become more and more important to use data to validate your intuition.</li><li>We use Redshift to store data. As user events are happening, our relational database (MySQL) replicates them in Redshift. Within minutes, the data is available for queries and reports.</li><li>Train your team to use experimentation frameworks.</li><li>Make it part of the product development process. The goal is to transform your intuition into a statistically testable statement. A good place to start is to establish principles and high-level steps for your team to follow when they run experiments. We’ve set principles around when to run experiments vs. when not to, that running rigorous experiments should be the default (and when it isn’t), and when to stop an experiment earlier than expected. We also have teams log experiments in a Notion dashboard.</li><li>The initial focus should be on what impact you think a feature will have and how to measure that change. As you’re scoping a feature, ask questions like: How are we going to validate that this feature is achieving intended goals? What events/data do we need to collect to support that? What reports are we going to build? Over time, these core principles will expand.</li><li>The entire team should be thinking about this, not just the engineers or data team. We reinforced the importance of data fluency by pushing employees to learn SQL, so that they could run their own queries and experience the data firsthand.</li><li>It’ll take you multiple reps to get this right. We still miss steps and fail to collect the right data. The sooner you get your team doing this, the easier it will be to teach it to new people and become better at it as an organization.</li></ul><h3 id=\"b-our-choice-of-programming-language-and-database\">b. Our choice of programming language and database</h3><p>When choosing a language and database, pick something you know best that is also scalable long-term.<strong> </strong>If you choose a language you don’t know well because it seems easier or faster to get started, you won’t foresee pitfalls and you’ll have to learn as you go. This is expensive and time-consuming. We started with Java as our backend programming language and MySQL as our relational database. In the early days, we were building two to three features per week and it took us a couple of weeks to build the framework we needed around MySQL. This was a big tradeoff that paid dividends later on.</p><h3 id=\"c-writing-tests-from-day-one\">c. Writing tests from day one</h3><p>Many startups think they can move faster by not writing tests; it’s the opposite. Tests help you avoid bugs and prevent legacy code at scale. They aren’t just validating the code you are writing now. They should be used to enforce, validate, and document requirements. Good tests protect your code from future changes as your codebase grows and features are added or changed. They also catch problems early and help avoid production bugs, saving you time and money. Code without tests becomes legacy very fast. Within months after untested code is written, no one will remember the exact requirements, edge cases, constraints, etc. If you don’t have tests to enforce these things, new engineers will be afraid of changing the code in case they break something or change an expected behavior.<br><br>There are two reasons why tests break when a developer is making code changes:</p><ul><li>Requirements change. In this case, we expect tests to break and they should be updated to validate and enforce the new requirements.</li><li>Behavior changes unexpectedly. For example, a bug was introduced and the test alerted us early in the development process.</li></ul><p>Every language has tools to measure and keep track of test coverage. I highly recommend introducing them early to track how much of your code is protected by tests. You don’t need to have 100% code coverage, but you should make sure that critical paths, important logic, edge cases, etc. are well tested. <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://leanylabs.com/blog/good-unit-tests//">Here are tips for writing good tests</a>.</p><h3 id=\"d-doing-code-reviews\">d. Doing code reviews</h3><p>We started doing code reviews when we hired our first engineer. Having another engineer review your code changes helps ensure quality, prevents mistakes, and shares good patterns. In other words, it’s a great learning tool for new and experienced engineers. Through code reviews, you are teaching your engineers patterns: what to avoid, why to do something, the features of languages you should and shouldn’t use. </p><p>Along with this, you should have a coding style guide. Coding guides help enforce consistency and quality on your engineering team. It doesn’t have to be complex. We use a tool that formats our code so our style guide is automatically enforced before a change can be merged. This leads to higher code quality, especially when teams are collaborating and other people are reviewing code.</p><p>We switched from Java to Kotlin in 2019 and we have a comprehensive style guide that includes recommendations and rules for programming in Kotlin. For anything not explicitly specified in our guide, we ask that engineers follow <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://kotlinlang.org/docs/coding-conventions.html/">JetBrains’ coding conventions</a>.</p><p>These are the code review best practices we share internally:</p><ul><li>#bekind when doing a code review. Use positive phrasing where possible (\"there might be a better way\" instead of \"this is terrible\"; \"how about we name this X?\" instead of \"naming this Y is bad\"). It's easy to unintentionally come across as critical, especially if you have a remote team.</li><li>Don't block changes from being merged if the issues are minor (e.g., a request for variable name change, indentation fixes). Instead, make the ask verbally. Only block merging if the request contains potentially dangerous changes that could cause issues or if there is an easier/safer way to accomplish the same.</li><li>When doing a code review, ensure that the code adheres to your style guide. When giving feedback, refer to the relevant sections in the style guide.</li><li>If the code review is large, consider checking out the branch locally and inspecting the changes in IntelliJ (Git tab on the bottom). It’s easier to have all of the navigation tools at hand.</li></ul><h2 id=\"3-track-engineering-metrics-to-drive-decision-making\">3. Track engineering metrics to drive decision-making</h2><p>Tracking metrics is imperative to maintaining engineering velocity. Without clear metrics, Faire would be in the dark about how our team is performing and where we should focus our efforts. We would have to rely on intuition and assumptions to guide what we should be prioritizing. </p><p>Examples of metrics we started tracking early (at around 20 engineers) included:</p><ul><li><strong>Uptime.</strong> One of the first metrics we tracked was <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://docs.datadoghq.com/integrations/uptime//">uptime. We started measuring this because we were receiving anecdotal reports of site stability issues. Once we started tracking it, we confirmed the anecdotal evidence and dedicated a few engineers to resolve the issue.</li><li><strong>CI wait time.</strong> Another metric that was really important was CI wait time (i.e., time for the build system to build/test pull requests). We were receiving anecdotal reports of long CI wait times for developers, confirmed it with data, and fixed the issue.</li></ul><figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img src=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/KiE8tjsqkFvtJFmyY_6-IinXuT1A6C4x6JBUSX9qb9nDHB9lurJZAlHocGDEi3Sx_HSHNuBxozMBljGOsNokrQIJ9Hk6ZolI39yQtKPz0yuAbue0G2weaKWXqD65_Gbal_LYuEC5TpPoGIdCGd0jflhy1yRQzuG-pxV1IePbh8LuEtvqehC1gHs5lw/" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\"></figure><p><em>This is a dashboard we created in the early days of Faire to track important engineering metrics. It was updated manually by collecting data from different sources. Today, we have more comprehensive dashboards that are fully automated.</em></p><p>Once our engineering team grew to 100+, our top-level metrics became more difficult to take action against. When metrics trended beyond concerning thresholds, we didn’t have a clear way to address them. Each team was busy with their own product roadmap, and it didn’t seem worthwhile to spin up new teams to address temporary needs. Additionally, many of the problems were large in scale and would have required a dedicated group of engineers. </p><p>We found that the best solution was to build <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/the-power-of-tagged-metrics//">dimensions so that we could view metrics by team. Once we had metrics cut by team, we could set top-down expectations and priorities. We were happy to see that individual teams did a great job of taking ownership of and improving their metrics and, consequently, the company’s top-level metrics.</p><h4 id=\"an-example-transaction-run-duration\">An example: transaction run duration</h4><p>Coming out of our virtual trade show, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.faire.com/thestudio/faire-summer-market-2021-our-global-trade-show-event-is-coming-in-july//">Faire Summer Market</a>, we knew we needed significant investment in our database utilization. During the event, site usage pushed our database capacity to its limits and we realized we wouldn’t be able to handle similar events in the future.</p><p>In response, we created a metric of how long transactions were open every time our application interacted with the database. Each transaction was attributed to a specific team. We then had a visualization of the hottest areas of our application along with the teams responsible for those areas. We asked each team to set a goal during our planning process to reduce their database usage by 20% over a three-month period. The aggregate results were staggering. Six months later, before our next event—<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://blog.faire.com/thestorefront/announcing-faires-2022-winter-virtual-trade-show-events//">Faire Winter Market</a>—incoming traffic was 1.6x higher, but we were nowhere close to maxing out our database capacity. Now, each team is responsible for monitoring their database utilization and ensuring it doesn’t trend in the wrong direction.</p><h3 id=\"managing-metrics-with-kpi-scorecards\">Managing metrics with KPI scorecards</h3><p>We’re moving towards a model where each team maintains a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) that get published as a scorecard reflecting how successful the team is at maintaining its product areas and the parts of the tech stack it owns.</p><p>We’re starting with a top-level scorecard for the whole engineering team that tracks our highest-level KPIs (e.g., <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://docs.datadoghq.com/tracing/guide/configure_an_apdex_for_your_traces_with_datadog_apm//">Apdex, database utilization, CI wait time, severe bug escapes, flaky tests). Each team maintains a scorecard with its assigned top-level KPIs as well as domain-specific KPIs. As teams grow and split into sub-teams, the scorecards follow the same path recursively. Engineering leaders managing multiple teams use these scorecards to gauge the relative success of their teams and to better understand where they should be focusing their own time.</p><p>Scorecard generation should be as automated and as simple as possible so that it becomes a regular practice. If your process requires a lot of manual effort, you’re likely going to have trouble committing to it on a regular cadence. Many of our metrics start in DataDog; we use their API to extract relevant metrics and push them into Redshift and then visualize them in Mode reports.</p><p>As we’ve rolled this process out, we’ve identified criteria for what makes a great engineering KPI:</p><ul><li><strong>Can be measured and has a believable source of truth.</strong> If capturing and viewing KPIs is not an easy and repeatable task, it’s bound to stop happening. Invest in the infrastructure to reliably capture KPIs in a format that can be easily queried.</li><li><strong>Clearly ladders up to a top-level business metric.</strong> If there isn’t a clear connection to a top-level business metric, you’ll have a hard time convincing stakeholders to take action based on the data. For example, we’ve started tracking pager volume for our critical services: High pager volume contributes to tired and distracted engineers which leads to less code output, which leads to fewer features delivered, which ultimately means less customer value.</li><li><strong>Is independent of other KPIs.</strong> When viewing and sharing KPIs, give appropriate relative weight to each one depending on your priorities. If you’re showing two highly correlated KPIs (e.g., cycle time and PR throughput), then you’re not leaving room for something that’s less correlated (e.g., uptime). You might want to capture some correlated KPIs so that you can quickly diagnose a worrying trend, but you should present non-duplicative KPIs when crafting the overall scorecard that you share with stakeholders.</li><li><strong>Is normalized in a meaningful way.</strong> Looking at absolute numbers can be misleading in a high-growth environment, which makes it hard to compare performance across teams. For example, we initially tracked growth of overall infrastructure cost. The numbers more than doubled every year, which was concerning. When we later normalized this KPI by the amount of revenue a product was producing, we observed the KPI was flat over time. Now we have a clear KPI of “amount spent on infrastructure to generate $1 in revenue.” This resulted in us being comfortable with our rate of spend, whereas previously we were considering staffing a team to address growing infrastructure costs.</li></ul><p>We plan to keep investing in this area as we grow. KPIs allow us to work and build with confidence, knowing that we’re focusing on the right problems to continue serving our customers.</p><h2 id=\"4-keep-teams-small-and-independent\">4. Keep teams small and independent</h2><p>When we were a company of 25 employees, we had a single engineering team. Eventually, we split into two teams in order to prioritize multiple areas simultaneously and ship faster. When you split into multiple teams, things can break because people lose context. To navigate this, we developed a pod structure to ensure that every team was able to operate independently but with all the context and resources they needed. </p><p>When you first create a pod structure, here are some rules of thumb:</p><ul><li><strong>Pods should operate like small startups.</strong> Give them a mission, goals, and the resources they need. It’s up to them to figure out the strategy to achieve those goals. Pods at Faire typically do an in-person offsite to brainstorm ideas and come up with a prioritized roadmap and expected business results, which they then present for feedback and approval.</li><li><strong><strong><strong>Each pod should have no more than 8 to 10 employees. </strong></strong></strong>For us, pods generally include 5 to 7 engineers (including an engineering manager), a product manager, a designer, and a data scientist.</li><li><strong>Each pod should have a clear leader. </strong>We have an engineering manager and a product manager co-lead each pod. We designed it this way to give engineering a voice and more ownership in the planning process.</li><li><strong>Expect people to be members of multiple pods. </strong>While this isn’t ideal, there isn’t any other way to do it early on. Resources are constrained, and you need a combination of seasoned employees and new hires on each pod (otherwise they’ll lack context). Pick one or two people who have lots of context to seed the pod, then add new members. When we first did this, pods shared backend engineers, designers, and data analysts, and had their own product manager and frontend engineer.</li><li><strong>If you only have one product, assign a pod to each well-defined part of the product.</strong> If there’s not an obvious way to split up your product surface area, try to break it out into large features and assign a pod to each.</li><li><strong><strong><strong>Keep reporting lines and performance management within functional teams. </strong></strong></strong>This makes it easier to maintain:</li></ul><p>\t\t(1) Standardized tooling/processes across the engineering team and balanced \t\tleadership between functions</p><p>\t\t(2) Standardized career frameworks and performance calibration. We give our \t\tmanagers guidance and tools to make sure this is happening. For example, I \t\thave a spreadsheet for every manager that I expect them to update on a \t \t\tmonthly basis with a scorecard and brief summary of their direct reports’ \t\t \t\tperformance.</p><h3 id=\"how-we-stay-on-top-of-resource-allocation-census-and-horsepower\">How we stay on top of resource allocation: Census and Horsepower</h3><p>Our engineering priorities change often. We need to be able to move engineers around and create, merge, split, or sunset pods. In order to keep track of who is on which team—taking into account where that person is located, their skill set, tenure at the company, and more—we built a tool called Census.</p><p>Census is a real-time visualization of our team’s structure. It automatically updates with data from our ATS and HR system. The visual aspect is crucial and makes it easier for leadership to make decisions around resource allocation and pod changes as priorities shift. Alongside Census, we also built an algorithm to evaluate the “horsepower” of a pod. If horsepower is showing up as yellow or red, that pod either needs more senior engineers, has a disproportionate number of new employees, or both.</p><figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card kg-card-hascaption\"><img src=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/pJk7SUqsmeQLU_dYU3BrN5wMnzyHwVySmydpuiNbHgDddt_FzwwQzCQ_pQH75FX-InduoRGg5hSVhcfXZxRC3FztBZ3aF_2JnwIFMBOhjSey2cgRQEqs38oORhgZgrtwrmgO7CM-WSU_34oeyp15hdzHOrH_FAXTlFlJOt-A87J4Brce_ri3MER8RA/" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>.</figcaption></figure><p><em>Census.</em></p><figure class=\"kg-card kg-image-card\"><img src=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/N7btbx4GDkomhZp8wj0CMlTiGywqDffV6qCakK6aZEILScjRiIqjhwjV1q2AlT6bmrzU9vqo_pa1ggXn8j_C0CWsO4BEQdHoq5EcPfOhZwhe8tg1oMmmmDeYQXNrjF99WOdM5AKVTT5GAisZM_idtecOsjdXH_qQ2ezvEVRLltbkMfmk1j3qouwt7g/" class=\"kg-image\" alt loading=\"lazy\"></figure><p><em>Pods are colored either green, yellow, or red depending on their horsepower.</em><br><br>One of the most common questions that founders have is how to balance speed with everything else: product quality, architecture debt, team culture. Too often, startups stall out and sacrifice their early momentum in order to correct technical debt. In building Faire, we set out to both establish a unified foundation <em>and</em> continue shipping fast. These four guiding principles are how we did it, and I hope they help others do the same.</p>","comment_id":"6357f9044557ad0001018040","feature_image":"/blog/content/images/2022/10/BlogTwitter-Image-Template-2.jpeg","featured":true,"visibility":"public","email_recipient_filter":"none","created_at":"2022-10-25T07:56:04.000-07:00","updated_at":"2022-10-26T12:38:29.000-07:00","published_at":"2022-10-25T09:00:00.000-07:00","custom_excerpt":"Faire’s engineering team grew from five to over 100 engineers in three years. Throughout this growth, we were able to sustain our pace of engineering execution by adhering to four guiding principles.","codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"custom_template":null,"canonical_url":null,"authors":[{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a710d4","name":"Marcelo Cortes","slug":"marcelo-cortes","profile_image":"/blog/content/images/2022/10/Instagram-Image-Template--Square---7-.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Marcelo Cortes is a co-founder and the CTO of Faire, an online wholesale marketplace connecting mostly small brands to independent, local retailers.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/marcelo-cortes/"}],"tags":[{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7116d","name":"Essay","slug":"essay","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/essay/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71181","name":"YC Continuity","slug":"yc-continuity","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/yc-continuity/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71196","name":"Technical","slug":"technical","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/technical/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71170","name":"Startups","slug":"startups","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/startups/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71158","name":"Leadership","slug":"leadership","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/leadership/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7114c","name":"Company Building","slug":"company-building","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/company-building/"},{"id":"62d804e33644180001d72a1f","name":"#1543","slug":"hash-1543","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"internal","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/404/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71155","name":"Growth","slug":"growth","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/growth/"}],"primary_author":{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a710d4","name":"Marcelo Cortes","slug":"marcelo-cortes","profile_image":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/content/images/2022/10/Instagram-Image-Template--Square---7-.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Marcelo Cortes is a co-founder and the CTO of Faire, an online wholesale marketplace connecting mostly small brands to independent, local retailers.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/marcelo-cortes/"},"primary_tag":{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7116d","name":"Essay","slug":"essay","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/essay/"},"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/how-to-maintain-engineering-velocity-as-you-scale/","excerpt":"Engineering is typically the function that grows fastest at a scaling startup. It requires a lot of attention to make sure the pace of execution does not slow and cultural issues do not emerge as you scale.","reading_time":16,"access":true,"og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"email_subject":null,"frontmatter":null,"feature_image_alt":null,"feature_image_caption":null},{"id":"61fe29f1c7139e0001a7197b","uuid":"a3c57199-e345-4326-999d-e7bd632aa6d8","title":"How to Get into VR","slug":"how-to-get-into-vr","html":"<!--kg-card-begin: html--><p>This is the second edition of <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://ycombinator.wpengine.com/category/paths//">Paths, a series outlining emerging technologies with clear steps on how to get started in each field.</p>\n<p>This series was designed with makers and aspiring entrepreneurs in mind. We talked to college students interested in engineering, business, and technology to figure out what resources would be most helpful to them. Then, we reached out to experts from academia, industry, or some combination of the two.</p>\n<p>We’re excited about the potential for this series to evolve, and we’d love to hear your feedback at <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/\"mailto:macro@ycombinator.com\">Macro@YCombinator.com. What would you like to learn about next?</p>\n<p>Today, we’re going to talk about VR.</p>\n<hr />\n<p>Science fiction writers and futurists dreamt up virtual reality (VR) decades ago, and hackers have been attempting to build it ever since. Today, the technology is rapidly advancing with the promise to shift modern computing into a new paradigm, not unlike smartphones did one decade ago.</p>\n<p>Some people are skeptical about whether VR will stick around, because the technology is still very much plagued by issues like high cost, unwieldiness, and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulator_sickness/">simulator sickness</a>. However, many are excited about VR’s potential to become the most intimate human-computer interface that has ever existed.</p>\n<p>In this post, we’ll explore why it’s an exciting time to get into VR now&#8211;both for consumers and developers. Then, we’ll discuss how a wide range of interdisciplinary fields have pushed the technology forward. Lastly, we’ll identify concrete ways in which you can get started.</p>\n<p><strong>Why Now?</strong><br />\n<em>“VR is not a new technology. It just became accessible.” &#8211; Jeremy Bailenson (Stanford VHIL)</em></p>\n<p>VR technology has existed for many years, in many forms, from stereoscopes <sup id=\"footnoteid1\"><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnote1\">1</a></sup> to flight simulators. Academics and researchers in fields like engineering and physics have been working to make the technology feasible. In the last few decades, head mounted displays (HMDs) have emerged as the standard for delivering VR experiences.</p>\n<p>During the late 90s/early 2000s, there were several attempts to bring VR to massive audiences. Sega announced (but never released) a headset. Nintendo launched Virtual Boy, a video game console that included a monochrome HMD. Nevertheless, these technologies were held back by a lack of visual fidelity and insufficient processing power.</p>\n<p>Only recently have developments in VR become more visible to the public eye. CPU/GPUs have reached a point where they can provide high-fidelity, immersive experiences for reasonable prices. Smartphones have enabled mobile VR as cheaper and more accessible options that don’t require you to be tethered to high-end computer. As more people have an opportunity to try VR, it’s becoming increasingly clear how the technology might reach consumers in a big way.</p>\n<p><strong>Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality (AR) are Siblings</strong><br />\nVR entails simulated worlds, and AR entails overlaid information in the real world. We can see the difference more clearly if we take the application of surgery as an example. VR can be used to simulate training for surgeons, while AR can be used to superimpose instructions and diagnostics on a live view in real-time surgeries.</p>\n<p>Some people believe that virtual reality is a stepping stone to augmented reality. While there exist larger technological leaps necessary to achieving high-fidelity AR, the strides made in VR development can help push us there.</p>\n<p>In this post, we avoid discussing whether VR or AR is better, more promising, or more applicable. Other people have speculated on this, so instead we will discuss their joint potential and respective engineering challenges. At this point in time, there is a wonderful opportunity to start developing for both platforms.</p>\n<p><strong>VR is a Concrete Engineering Problem</strong><br />\nThere is no such thing as VR&#8230; only tracking, rendering, and display. Tracking is the process of recording the user’s location and orientation in 3D space. Rendering is the process of constructing the appropriate image for a user. Display refers to the fidelity with which the hardware can produce the rendered image.</p>\n<p>We need to solve each of these problems well enough that a user doesn’t feel sick or uncomfortable. People experience simulator sickness when cues for self-motion from the visual and vestibular systems don’t match (the same reason for car/sea-sickness).</p>\n<p>This is a hard problem. For reference, traditional PC games render at a resolution of 1920&#215;1080 at a refresh rate 60Hz. The Oculus Rift runs at 2160&#215;1200 at 90Hz (over two displays&#8211; one for each eye).<sup id=\"footnoteid2\"><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnote2\">2</a></sup> In other words, current VR solutions need to effectively render at 1080p, for two eyes, at a much higher refresh rate than PC games. <em>At the same time</em>, the processor needs to track a user’s location and provide that information to the headset with as little latency as possible.</p>\n<p>Even if those specs are achieved, it’s less than ideal! VR displays have yet to cover the full human field of view, and we can certainly improve rendering quality to reach the fidelity of modern retina displays. All together, this suggests that we need 8K rendering for VR!</p>\n<p>For now, we have the interesting engineering problem of exploiting limitations in the human visual system to optimize bandwidth and compute power. (e.g. Our peripheral vision is worse than our central vision&#8211; so why not try <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.roadtovr.com/nvidia-perceptually-based-foveated-rendering-research//">foveated rendering</a>?)</p>\n<p><strong>VR isn’t Just for Gamers</strong><br />\nYes, it’s fun to <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.epicgames.com/roborecall//">shoot robots in VR</a>.</p>\n<p>But VR will also enable <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.yahoo.com/news/virtual-orchestra-hits-high-notes-london-174308063.html/">immersive concerts</a>, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.space.com/34129-destination-mars-now-open-kennedy.html/">reinvented museums</a>, and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://ftw.usatoday.com/2016/09/2016-nba-finals-virtual-reality-cleveland-cavaliers-golden-state-warriors-lebron-james-steph-curry-video/">live, court-side sporting events</a>. With VR, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.wsj.com/articles/virtual-reality-takes-on-the-videoconference-1474250761/">videoconferencing will improve, with better eye contact and the inclusion of nuanced, non-verbal cues. The cost of <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.spar3d.com/news/related-new-technologies/vr-training-construction-industry//">training will plummet without the need for human trainers in industries like construction or manufacturing. At the same time, the efficacy of repeatable, hands-on training will increase. Academics will conduct <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://vhil.stanford.edu/pubs/2002/immersive-virtual-environment-technology-as-a-methodological-tool-for-social-psychology//">social psychology research</a> with more reproducibility, diverse sample sizes, and day-to-day realism without the need for human confederates. VR will provide a scalable way to introduce true <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://finance.yahoo.com/news/lucile-packard-children-hospital-stanford-150000674.html/">experiential learning</a> into education.</p>\n<p>Personally, I’m extremely excited about the impact of <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.slideshare.net/waltergreenleaf/vr-to-transform-medicine/">VR on healthcare and medicine</a>. The benefits of VR in training/education will also apply to clinicians. In terms of patient care, VR can be used to <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/10/09/business/tech/virtual-reality-helps-treat-phantom-pain-letting-missing-injured-limbs-move/#.WOrUplKZPdR\">manage pain</a>, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/02/29/virtual-reality-heroin-cave-aimed-at-helping-addicts-kick-habit.html/">combat addiction</a>, and treat <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-virtual-reality-is-transforming-dementia-care-in-australia//">mental health</a> issues.</p>\n<p><strong>No Part of the VR Stack is Mature</strong><br />\n<em>“The field is a molten landscape.” &#8211; Morgan Sinko (NullSpace VR)</em></p>\n<p>There is no standard. No best practices. Everyone is trying something different.</p>\n<p>Here are a few technical domains that touch VR, and specific problems within each domain:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Human Computer Interaction</strong>: How do we implement <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.indiedb.com/features/diegesis-user-interfaces-and-virtual-reality/">non-diegetic UI</a>? </li>\n<li><strong>Optics</strong>: How can we fit a tiny projector for your eye on something with the form factor of prescription glasses? </li>\n<li><strong>Electronics</strong>: How can we optimize devices that we put on our faces for batteries, heat, and size? </li>\n<li><strong>Hardware</strong>: How can build haptics for better tracking and feedback on our bodies? </li>\n<li><strong>Computer Vision</strong>: How can we bridge the real-world and VR with 3D reconstruction and scene understanding? </li>\n<li><strong>Artificial Intelligence/Natural Language Processing</strong>: How do we create realistic agents to interact with us in VR?</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Even in non-technical domains, there exist many unanswered questions:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Psychology</strong>: What are the effects of VR on addiction? What are the effects of avatars on identity? </li>\n<li><strong>Sociology</strong>: What will it mean to have <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformed_social_interaction?\%22>transformed social interactions (TSI)</a> (think automatic eye contact)?</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>We’re Close to Early AR, but Far from Mature AR</strong><br />\nIn many ways, it is more approachable to start prototyping in AR than it is in VR. With mobile phones, information provided by GPS and cameras can augment our experiences with the world around us (think Pokemon GO).</p>\n<p>However, AR faces many challenges that don’t exist in VR. By nature of the experience, AR technologies benefit from being untethered, so you can take advantage of the space around you. What does this mean for computing resources if we can’t carry a high-end gaming computer on our backs?</p>\n<p>Other challenges in AR lie in hardware and HCI&#8211; how do we create see-through displays with a large field of view? How do we create a form factor that <em>people would actually wear in public?</em> (Hint: <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glass#Criticism\">remember Google Glass</a>?)</p>\n<p><strong>You Can Start Building Content, <em>Right Now</em></strong><br />\nDownload a game engine, like Unity or Unreal Engine, and start hacking. If you’ve developed games before, you’ll notice that the process is very familiar, except your headset is rigged to the correspond with the in-game camera.</p>\n<p>More generally, these game engines are engineered to be very intuitive and easy to learn. They only require basic scripting and utilize interfaces with shallow learning curves (e.g. <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://docs.unrealengine.com/latest/INT/Engine/Blueprints//">drag-and-drop visual scripting</a>).</p>\n<p>Here are a few useful resources for getting started:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://fusedvr.com/">FusedVR’s Tutorials and Live Streams</a>: Phenomenal walkthroughs for content creation&#8211; from modeling to game engine implementations. </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.udacity.com/course/vr-developer-nanodegree--nd017/">Udacity’s VR Developer Nanodegree</a>: Thorough program that covers development, design, and optimization of VR applications. </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://unity3d.com/learn/tutorials/">Unity and <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://docs.unrealengine.com/latest/INT/Videos//">Unreal tutorials. </li>\n<li>Toolkits:<br />\n○ VR: <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://vrtoolkit.readme.io/">VRTK
A-Frame [Update 05/15/17]<br />\n○ AR: <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.vuforia.com/">Vuforia, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://github.com/Microsoft/HoloToolkit/">Hololens
AR.js [Update 05/15/17]</li>\n<li>Useful Threads:<br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.reddit.com/r/learnVRdev/comments/65cvxo/how_to_start_making_vr_games_for_beginners_what//">Reddit: How to start making VR games</a><br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.quora.com/I-want-to-be-a-virtual-reality-developer-From-where-can-I-start-What-are-the-best-learning-materials/">Quora: Where can I start? What are the best VR learning materials?</a><br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://vr.cs.uiuc.edu/">“Virtual Reality” by Steven LaValle</a>: “full-stack” VR textbook [Update 05/15/17]</li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>An Understanding of the Graphics Pipeline Will Help you Appreciate VR’s Constraints and Possibilities</strong><br />\nFundamentally, VR is a cool application of stereo rendering in front of your eyes with head tracking. With a sound understanding of 3D geometries and how they are rendered, you’ll better understand the constraints and possibilities of VR.</p>\n<p>Here are some good online resources:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs184/fa12/onlinelectures.html/">Berkeley’s CS184: Computer Graphics (2012 Archive)</a> </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.scratchapixel.com/index.php/">Scratchpixel: Learn everything from the math and physics behind graphics to advanced, modern techniques </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.songho.ca/opengl/index.html/">Song Ho An’s OpenGL Notes</a>: Introduction to tutorials and concepts in OpenGL </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.shadertoy.com/">Shadertoy: Code samples for shader programming [Update 05/15/17] </li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>The Fields of Vision and Imaging are Pushing the Frontier of VR Forward</strong><br />\nIt could be massively rewarding to invest in an understanding of computer vision, optics, imaging, and related topics.</p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Computer Vision</strong>: How can we track and understand depth?<br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://cs231n.github.io/">Stanford’s CS231N Course Notes</a>: Phenomenally clear resource with modern CV techniques, by Andrej Karpathy (now, research scientist at OpenAI)<br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.computervisionmodels.com/">Computer Vision: Models, Learning, and Inference</a>: Slides, exercises, and code samples </li>\n<li><strong>Computational Imaging/Photography</strong>: How does light enter a camera and form an image? Analogously, how can we focus virtual images on our retinas?<br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://web.media.mit.edu/~raskar/photo//">Computational Photography (Raskar, Tumblin)</a>: Textbook from MIT and Northwestern professors<br />\n○ <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.udacity.com/course/computational-photography--ud955/">Udacity’s Computational Photography Course</a> </li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>On the learning process: “Approach VR with a rookie mindset.”</strong> &#8211; Aashna Mago (RabbitHole VR)<br />\nYes, hype is real, which is all the more reason to take a step back from all the noise. Try to embody the perspective of a beginner: be willing to learn and absorb. Don’t start something because you feel like you have to. Now is a great time to learn, experiment, fail and become part of an amazing community. If you believe that you’re late to anything, I haven’t done a good job in this blog post!</p>\n<p><strong>Bonus Points: Read Science Fiction!</strong><br />\nThe development of VR has been surprisingly tied to science fiction. Authors in the field have envisioned the futures that engineers set out to build.<sup id=\"footnoteid3\"><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnote3\">3</a></sup></p>\n<p>Fun fact: Neal Stephenson (author of Snow Crash) advises Magic Leap (AR Company) as their Chief Futurist!</p>\n<p>Must Reads:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.amazon.com/Ready-Player-One-Ernest-Cline/dp/0307887448/">Ready Player One</a> by Ernest Cline </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.amazon.com/Snow-Crash-Neal-Stephenson/dp/0553380958/">Snow Crash</a> by Neal Stephenson </li>\n</ul>\n<p>My Personal Favorites:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.amazon.com/Neuromancer-William-Gibson/dp/0441569595/">Neuromancer by William Gibson </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.amazon.com/Rainbows-End-Vernor-Vinge/dp/0812536363/">Rainbow’s End by Vernor Vinge</a> </li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>TL;DR: Build Things. Talk to People.</strong><br />\nGet your hands on a headset, and start building in areas where your skills overlap with your interests. VR is a new medium, so creating compelling, shippable content is more of an unsolved problem than hacking on iPhone apps over a weekend. You’ll run into challenges, but in those challenges, you’ll find far-reaching opportunities to fix problems that many people in the field experience.</p>\n<p>In addition to building, talk to a wide variety of people. The process of building a beautiful experience requires the work of not only engineers, but artists, designers, and storytellers as well (game developers will understand this). Ask for feedback in online forums. Join clubs. Start clubs! <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://medium.com/@chrismtan/11-unconventional-ways-to-get-a-job-in-vr-ecee321836f2/">Work at a VR company</a>. The world of VR is still very small, and that’s really special for someone looking to make a big dent in the field.</p>\n<p>Here are some online communities that might be worth looking into:</p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.facebook.com/groups/virtualrealitys//">Facebook VR Group</a> </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.facebook.com/groups/womeninvr//">Women in VR</a> </li>\n<li>Subreddits (<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.reddit.com/r/virtualreality//">/r/virtualreality, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.reddit.com/r/Vive//">/r/vive, <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://reddit.com/r/oculus/">/r/oculus) </li>\n<li><a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=13392885\%22>HackerNews Blog Post About VR</a> </li>\n</ul>\n<p><strong>“If you believe that VR is coming…”</strong><br />\n&#8230;that it’s going to be transformative, that it’s going to be ubiquitous, and very significant for the way that society interacts with one another, then it’s exciting to be at the very early stages.” &#8211; Jay Borenstein (Stanford CS)</p>\n<p>“The way that people react to VR is so amazing and so visceral. It renews your faith in it, I think, and you know that it&#8217;s something special.” -Aashna Mago (<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.rabbitholevr.org/">RabbitHole VR</a>)</p>\n<hr />\n<p><strong>Notes &amp; Refs</strong><br />\n<b id=\"footnote1\">1.</b> Stereoscopes are devices that show different images to the left and right eye. When viewed simultaneously, these images appear in 3D.<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"#footnoteid1\">↩</a><br />\n<b id=\"footnote2\">2.</b> Specs from: <a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www3.oculus.com/en-us/blog/powering-the-rift//">https://www3.oculus.com/en-us/blog/powering-the-rift/http://www.theverge.com/a/virtual-realityFacebook)
Stanford VHIL</a>)<br />\nJordan Cazamias (Engineer @<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.magicleap.com/">MagicLeap)
RabbitHole VR</a>)<br />\nVasanth Mohan (Founder @<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://fusedvr.com//">FusedVR)
NullSpace VR</a>)<br />\nGordon Wetzstein (Professor @<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://stanford.edu/~gordonwz//">Stanford EE</a>, Lead @<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"http://www.computationalimaging.org/">Stanford Computational Imaging Lab</a>)<br />\nChris Tan (CEO @<a href=https://www.ycombinator.com/"https://www.constructvr.io/">ConstructVR) &#8230;for lending their time to be interviewed</p>\n<p>And Jeremy Bailenson, Neel Bedekar, Niharika Bedekar, Craig Cannon, Jordan Cazamias, Darren Handoko, Jason Zheng, Aashna Mago, Kat Mañalac, and Vasanth Mohan &#8230;for reading drafts of this post.</p>\n<hr />\n<!--kg-card-end: html-->","comment_id":"1099282","feature_image":null,"featured":false,"visibility":"public","email_recipient_filter":"none","created_at":"2017-05-03T03:04:17.000-07:00","updated_at":"2021-10-20T13:10:05.000-07:00","published_at":"2017-05-03T03:04:17.000-07:00","custom_excerpt":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"custom_template":null,"canonical_url":null,"authors":[{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a710cf","name":"Vincent Chen","slug":"vincent-chen","profile_image":"/blog/content/images/2022/02/vincent-chen.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Vincent Chen is a student at Stanford University studying Computer Science. He is also a Research Assistant at the Stanford AI Lab.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/vincent-chen/"}],"tags":[{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71174","name":"Advice","slug":"advice","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/advice/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7116d","name":"Essay","slug":"essay","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/essay/"},{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a7118d","name":"Paths","slug":"paths","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/paths/"}],"primary_author":{"id":"61fe29e3c7139e0001a710cf","name":"Vincent Chen","slug":"vincent-chen","profile_image":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/content/images/2022/02/vincent-chen.jpg","cover_image":null,"bio":"Vincent Chen is a student at Stanford University studying Computer Science. He is also a Research Assistant at the Stanford AI Lab.","website":null,"location":null,"facebook":null,"twitter":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/author/vincent-chen/"},"primary_tag":{"id":"61fe29efc7139e0001a71174","name":"Advice","slug":"advice","description":null,"feature_image":null,"visibility":"public","og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"codeinjection_head":null,"codeinjection_foot":null,"canonical_url":null,"accent_color":null,"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/tag/advice/"},"url":"https://ghost.prod.ycinside.com/how-to-get-into-vr/","excerpt":"This is the second edition of Paths, a series outlining emerging technologies with clear steps on how to get started in each field.","reading_time":9,"access":true,"og_image":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"twitter_image":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"email_subject":null,"frontmatter":null,"feature_image_alt":null,"feature_image_caption":null}]},"url":"/blog/yc-has-changed","version":"a2ce9abc7c2080e819915df4aacfcc5c01cd09b5","encryptHistory":false,"clearHistory":false,"rails_context":{"railsEnv":"production","inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/yc-has-changed","location":"/blog/yc-has-changed","scheme":"https","host":"www.ycombinator.com","port":null,"pathname":"/blog/yc-has-changed","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":"en, *","applyBatchLong":"Summer 2025","applyBatchShort":"S2025","applyDeadlineShort":"May 13","ycdcRetroMode":true,"currentUser":null,"serverSide":true},"id":"ycdc_new/pages/BlogPage-react-component-57f2b36b-90bc-4289-afba-dce0e07becf6","server_side":true}" data-reactroot="">

YC Has Changed

by Michael Seibel9/28/2018

As YC grows, founders are wondering how it’s improved over time. This is a valid line of questioning – clearly much has changed about YC over 13 years. We have new leadership, much larger batch sizes, we invest more money, we have a growth fund, a series A program, a massive MOOC, and an internal social network for YC founders named Bookface.

I suspect people think YC was better in the early days because some companies from that era are now household names like: Airbnb (w2009) and Dropbox (s2007). However, in reality it often takes 10 years or more for startups to achieve that sort of impact. Even so, in the past 5 years we have funded a number of startups worth noting, including: Coinbase (s2012), Cruise (w2014), DoorDash (w2013), Flexport (w2014), Ginkgo Bioworks (s2014), Gitlab (w2015), Gusto (w2012), Instacart (w2012), Podium (w2016), Rappi (s2016), Rigetti Computing (s2014), and Zenefits (w2013).

Having done YC in 2007 with Justin.tv/Twitch, in 2012 with Socialcam, and joining as a partner in 2014, I thought it would be helpful to describe how YC has changed since I first took part in the program.

In 2007, if you wanted advice, you sent an email to PG and waited for a reply. Now we have software for booking office hours with partners. And it’s also likely that you’re in a chat group with your YC partners so you can message them in real time.

In 2007, if you needed advice or intros from YC alumni or batchmates, you sent out an email to the entire alumni list. Now you post to Bookface and get replies within a day.

In 2007, if you had a B2B startup, you had to reach out cold to potential customers. Now there are over 1000 YC companies you can sell your service to and all of their contact information is in Bookface. As a result, YC alumni companies are often over 50% of your new sales during YC.

In 2007, there were 50 investors in the room for our Demo Day. My company, Justin.tv/Twitch landed a grand total of three angel meetings and was able to raise $150K at a $3.5M valuation. Today, 600-800 investors attend demo day1 and a thousand more watch online. A typical company in the batch raises $500K-3M at a $6M-15M valuation.2

In 2007, if you wanted to raise a Series A, your batchmates/friends/PG would provide intros. Now we have the Series A program that helps evaluate if you are ready to raise, helps you craft your story, allows you to meet and learn from other companies also raising their Series A, and helps you understand and negotiate your term sheets.

In 2007, if you wanted to hire employees, YC couldn’t offer much assistance. Now we have Work at a Startup and Hacker News jobs postings which help many of our startups hire their first 10 engineers.

In 2007, if you needed help scaling your organization, you could reach out to a batchmate or alumni friend who was slightly further along than you. Now there’s a YC Growth Program where you’re batched with companies at your stage and aided by much more experienced YC founders and advisors.

In 2007, the YC Standard deal was about $20,000 for 7% of your company. Now it’s $150,000 for 7%.

For me, there were two amazing things in the early days of YC that are different today. First, in 2007, batches were much smaller so it was easier to meet all of your batchmates. Today, you have to work harder to meet and become friends with all the talented people in your batch. We put companies into groups of about 30-40 in order to replicate the feeling of the past. Second, getting to work directly with PG was special.

So when thinking about whether to apply to YC and talking to alumni who have attended in years past, keep the above changes in mind. Having been a multiple time user of YC myself (and I know I am biased), I can honestly say without a doubt that I would prefer participating in today’s program because of all the additional value that has been built over the past 13 years.

Counterintuitively, the 7% you give to YC today becomes a better and better deal every year of your company’s life because every year we add hundreds of incredibly talented motivated founders from all over the world, new software, new programming, and new changes based on the feedback of our 4000+ alumni. I think of YC as an amazing piece of software that gets better every year and remains the same price.


Notes
1. Demo day is now 4 days long. Day 1 is YC alumni demo day and YC alumni invest about 20% of the dollars that YC companies raise. Day 2 & 3 are investor demo days and Day 4 is investor day where we arrange over 1000 meetings between investors and YC companies.

2. Starting in the w2019 batch, we are moving to a post money SAFE standard. Stating the typical valuations in post money terms, YC companies are now raising at $6.5m-$18m valuations.

Thanks to Craig Cannon, Geoff Ralston, Jon Levy, and Kat Manalac for reading drafts of this post.

Categories

Essay

Author

  • Michael Seibel

    Michael Seibel is a Group Partner and Managing Director, Early Stage at YC. He was the cofounder and CEO Justin.tv and Socialcam. Socialcam sold to Autodesk in 2012 and Justin.tv became Twitch.